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About these units
Second (s)
The second is the fundamental SI unit of time and the basis for nearly every modern timing system, from everyday clocks to astronomical calculations and quantum physics. Historically, the second was defined as 1/86,400 of a mean solar day—reflecting Earth's rotation. But because Earth's rotation is not perfectly constant, this definition proved insufficient for scientific precision. Today, the second is defined by the vibration frequency of the cesium-133 atom, specifically 9,192,631,770 oscillations of its hyperfine transition. This atomic definition gives the second extraordinary accuracy and stability, enabling technologies like GPS, satellite communications, deep-space navigation, and particle physics experiments. The second sits at the intersection of human history and cutting-edge physics: once tied to the apparent motion of the Sun, it is now anchored to a universal atomic constant, making it one of the most precisely defined units in science.
Millisecond (ms)
A millisecond is one thousandth of a second (10⁻³ s) and is widely used in computing, acoustics, engineering, human physiology, and real-time data processing. Human reaction times fall roughly between 100–300 milliseconds, making the ms an intuitive unit for expressing biological responsiveness. Musicians and audio engineers rely on milliseconds to define echo delays, reverb times, and audio compression parameters. In computing and network communications, milliseconds determine response latency, server performance, and frame times in video rendering. Systems such as financial trading, multiplayer gaming, and robotics depend heavily on millisecond-scale precision. The millisecond bridges human perceptual limits and the faster, computation-driven processes that shape modern technology.