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About these units
Second (s)
The second is the fundamental SI unit of time and the basis for nearly every modern timing system, from everyday clocks to astronomical calculations and quantum physics. Historically, the second was defined as 1/86,400 of a mean solar day—reflecting Earth's rotation. But because Earth's rotation is not perfectly constant, this definition proved insufficient for scientific precision. Today, the second is defined by the vibration frequency of the cesium-133 atom, specifically 9,192,631,770 oscillations of its hyperfine transition. This atomic definition gives the second extraordinary accuracy and stability, enabling technologies like GPS, satellite communications, deep-space navigation, and particle physics experiments. The second sits at the intersection of human history and cutting-edge physics: once tied to the apparent motion of the Sun, it is now anchored to a universal atomic constant, making it one of the most precisely defined units in science.
Decade (decade)
A decade spans 10 years and is widely used in demography, sociology, climatology, economics, and culture. Statistical studies often examine decade-level patterns—population change, economic cycles, consumer trends, cultural shifts, and generational studies. Climate scientists assess long-term temperature and precipitation changes over decades to filter out short-term variability. Decades also anchor cultural memory: the "60s," "80s," or "2000s" evoke distinct historical moods, fashions, and political climates. A decade, though arbitrary in length, has become a meaningful cultural and scientific periodization tool.