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About these units
Second (s)
The second is the fundamental SI unit of time and the basis for nearly every modern timing system, from everyday clocks to astronomical calculations and quantum physics. Historically, the second was defined as 1/86,400 of a mean solar day—reflecting Earth's rotation. But because Earth's rotation is not perfectly constant, this definition proved insufficient for scientific precision. Today, the second is defined by the vibration frequency of the cesium-133 atom, specifically 9,192,631,770 oscillations of its hyperfine transition. This atomic definition gives the second extraordinary accuracy and stability, enabling technologies like GPS, satellite communications, deep-space navigation, and particle physics experiments. The second sits at the intersection of human history and cutting-edge physics: once tied to the apparent motion of the Sun, it is now anchored to a universal atomic constant, making it one of the most precisely defined units in science.
Century (century)
A century equals 100 years and is a major unit of historical, demographic, and civilizational analysis. Historians frequently divide narratives into centuries to highlight long-term transformations—technological revolutions, empire rises and falls, or artistic movements. Sociologists study century-scale changes in population, urbanization, and cultural evolution. Although human lifespans rarely exceed one century, this unit is large enough to encompass sweeping societal changes, making it ideal for macrohistorical studies.