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About these units
Planck Time (tₚ)
Planck time is the smallest meaningful unit of time in known physics, defined as the time it takes light to travel one Planck length. It equals approximately 5.39 × 10⁻⁴⁴ seconds. Below the Planck time, current theories of spacetime—General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics—break down, and we enter a regime where quantum gravity dominates. Planck time defines the theoretical boundary of the earliest moments of the universe, immediately after the Big Bang, before classical spacetime emerged. It is not a unit we can measure directly; rather, it represents a fundamental limit set by nature's constants, including the speed of light, the gravitational constant, and Planck's constant. The Planck time is the frontier where physics transitions from the known into the speculative—where time itself may become granular, discontinuous, or fundamentally different from the human conception.
Second (s)
The second is the fundamental SI unit of time and the basis for nearly every modern timing system, from everyday clocks to astronomical calculations and quantum physics. Historically, the second was defined as 1/86,400 of a mean solar day—reflecting Earth's rotation. But because Earth's rotation is not perfectly constant, this definition proved insufficient for scientific precision. Today, the second is defined by the vibration frequency of the cesium-133 atom, specifically 9,192,631,770 oscillations of its hyperfine transition. This atomic definition gives the second extraordinary accuracy and stability, enabling technologies like GPS, satellite communications, deep-space navigation, and particle physics experiments. The second sits at the intersection of human history and cutting-edge physics: once tied to the apparent motion of the Sun, it is now anchored to a universal atomic constant, making it one of the most precisely defined units in science.