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About these units
Nanometer (nm)
A nanometer—one billionth of a meter (10⁻⁹ m)—is central to nanoscience, nanotechnology, and molecular biology. Many structures essential to life fall into this scale: DNA's double helix is about 2 nm wide, viruses often measure tens to hundreds of nanometers, and key cell structures like ribosomes are on the order of 20–30 nm. In engineering, nanometers define the dimensions of modern semiconductor technology. Silicon transistors have shrunk to features only a few nanometers wide, approaching the physical limits of electron behavior in solid-state materials. In optics, wavelengths of ultraviolet light can be expressed in nanometers, as can surface roughness, material grain sizes, and thin-film coatings. The nanometer is ubiquitous across modern science because it describes both biological and technological structures at the frontier of research.
Exameter (Em)
An exameter, equal to 10¹⁸ meters, reaches into the interstellar and even intergalactic scale. It is useful for describing the dimensions of star clusters, distances between major astronomical features, or large-scale cosmological structures. Only a handful of physical phenomena require expression in exameters, and even then, astronomers typically prefer parsecs or light-years. The unit sees more use in theoretical physics, cosmology, and data modeling where SI uniformity is necessary. For example, mathematical simulations of the universe's evolution may employ exameters in their internal computations. Although too large for everyday use, the exameter highlights the vastness of the universe and the adaptability of the metric system to describe phenomena across incomprehensible scales.